what percentage of rapes is reported to the police?

Sexual violence in the Usa

Rape in the U.s. is divers by the Department of Justice as "Penetration, no thing how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex activity organ of another person, without the consent of the victim." While definitions and terminology of rape vary by jurisdiction in the United States, the FBI revised its definition to eliminate a requirement that the crime involve an chemical element of strength.^[ane]

A 2013 written report constitute that rape may be grossly underreported in the United States.^[2] Furthermore, a 2014 report suggested that police departments may eliminate or undercount rapes from official records in office to "create the illusion of success in fighting violent criminal offense".^[3] For the final reported year, 2013, the annual prevalence rate for all sexual assaults including rape was 0.1% (annual prevalence charge per unit represents the number of victims each yr, rather than the number of assaults since some are victimized more than once during the reporting period). The survey included males and females anile 12+.^[4] Since rapes are a subset of all sexual assaults, the prevalence of rape is lower than the combined statistic.^[5] Of those assaults, the Agency of Justice Statistics stated that 34.eight% were reported to the police, upwardly from 29.3% in 2004.^{[half dozen]}

Definitions [edit]

In the United States, at the Federal level, the FBI's Compatible Criminal offense Report (UCR) definitions are used when collating national offense statistics from states across the US. The UCR's definition of rape was changed on 1 January 2013 to remove the requirement of strength against a female and to include a wider range of types of penetration.^[1] The new definition reads:

Penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with whatever body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of some other person, without the consent of the victim.

For 80 years prior to the 2013 change, the UCR's definition of rape was "carnal noesis of a female forcibly and against her will".^[7]

At the country level, in that location is no uniform legal definition of rape ; instead, each state has their own laws. These definitions can vary considerably, but many of them practice not use the term rape anymore, instead using sexual set on, criminal sexual conduct, sexual corruption, sexual battery, etc.

One legal definition, which is used by the United states Armed forces is found in the United States Uniform Code of Military Justice [Title 10, Subtitle A, Chapter 47X, Section 920, Commodity 120], defines rape as:

(a) Rape. — Any person subject to this chapter who commits a sexual human activity upon another person by —

(one) using unlawful force against that other person;

(2) using strength causing or likely to cause death or grievous bodily harm to any person;

(iii) threatening or placing that other person in fear that any person will be subjected to death, grievous bodily harm, or kidnapping;

(four) first rendering that other person unconscious; or

(v) administering to that other person by force or threat of forcefulness, or without the cognition or consent of that person, a drug, intoxicant, or other similar substance and thereby substantially impairing the ability of that other person to appraise or control comport;

is guilty of rape and shall be punished as a court-martial may straight.^[eight]

Statistics and data [edit]

Annual rape and all forms of sexual assaults per 100,000 people, in various countries, 2003–2011.

Prevalence and number of incidents [edit]

Rape prevalence among women in the U.S. (the percentage of women who experienced rape at to the lowest degree in one case in their lifetime so far) is in the range of 15–20% according to different studies (National Violence against Women survey, 1995, plant 17.6% prevalence rate;^[9] a 2007 national study for the Department of Justice on rape found xviii% prevalence rate.^[x]). According to a March 2013 written report from the U.South. Section of Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics, from 1995 to 2010, the estimated annual rate of female rape or sexual set on declined 58%, from 5.0 victimizations per ane,000 females age 12 or older to 2.1 per 1,000. Assaults on immature women aged 12–17 declined from 11.3 per 1,000 in 1994–1998 to 4.1 per 1,000 in 2005–2010; assaults on women aged eighteen–34 also declined over the same period, from 7.0 per 1,000 to iii.7.^{[11] [12]}

The 2018 Uniform Crime Report (UCR), which measures rapes that are known to police, estimated that there were 127,258 rapes reported to law enforcement in 2018.^[thirteen] The 2016 National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), which measures sexual assaults and rapes that may non have been reported to the police force, estimated that in that location were 431,840 incidents of rape or sexual assault in 2015.^[14]

Other government surveys, such equally the Sexual Victimization of College Women written report, critique the NCVS on the basis it includes only those acts perceived equally crimes by the victim, and study a much higher victimization rate.^[fifteen] Estimates from other sources typically report much college levels of both rape and sexual assault than either the NCVS or UCR. A 2010 study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control institute that effectually 1 in 5 women and ane in 71 men(an additional 1 in 21 men were 'made to penetrate' someone else) had experienced an attempted or completed rape in their lifetime.^{[16] [17]} Differences in survey samples, definitions of rape and sexual assault, and the wording of survey questions likely contribute to these differences, and there is no consensus on the best mode to measure rape and sexual set on. Both the NCVS and UCR are believed to significantly under-count the number of rapes and sexual assaults that occur.^[18]

Based on the available data, 21.eight% of American rapes of female person victims are gang rapes.^[nineteen]

Shift in the form of law-breaking [edit]

Over the last iv decades, rape has been declining. According to the National Crime Victimization Survey, the adjusted annual per-capita victimization rate of rape has declined from about 2.4 per m people (age 12 and in a higher place) in 1980 (that is, 2.4 persons from each chiliad people 12 and older were raped in 1980) to almost 0.4 per thou people in 2003, a decline of about 85%. There are several possible explanations for this, including stricter laws and instruction on security for women.^{[ citation needed ]}

Demographics of attackers and victims [edit]

The Federal Bureau of Investigation take also nerveless data cases involving victims and perpetrators of sex offenses:

Sex criminal offense offenders and victims statistics (Data: FBI)

Twelvemonth	Offenders			Victims
	Male	Female	Unknown	Male	Female	Unknown
2012[20] [21]	65,071 (Forcible) v,859 (Nonforcible)	3,853 (Forcible) 541 (Nonforcible)	1,517 (Forcible) 86 (Nonforcible)	eleven,471 (Forcible) 629 (Nonforcible)	61,486 (Forcible) five,859 (Nonforcible)	175 (Forcible) 5 (Nonforcible)
2013[22] [23]	62,280 (Forcible) 5,396 (Nonforcible)	3,846 (Forcible) 530 (Nonforcible)	1,486 (Forcible) 77 (Nonforcible)	ten,961 (Forcible) 643 (Nonforcible)	58,981 (Forcible) v,511 (Nonforcible)	202 (Forcible) nine (Nonforcible)
2014[24] [25]	62,393 (Forcible) 4,804 (Nonforcible)	iv,034 (Forcible) 498 (Nonforcible)	one,678 (Forcible) 51 (Nonforcible)	x,821 (Forcible) 590 (Nonforcible)	59,875 (Forcible) 4,888 (Nonforcible)	232 (Forcible) vi (Nonforcible)
2015[26] [27]	66,545 (Forcible) iv,712 (Nonforcible)	four,391 (Forcible) 473 (Nonforcible)	two,069 (Forcible) 52 (Nonforcible)	11,463 (Forcible) 520 (Nonforcible)	64,202 (Forcible) 4,836 (Nonforcible)	225 (Forcible) iii (Nonforcible)
2016[28] [29]	73,249 (Forcible) 4,588 (Nonforcible)	iv,580 (Forcible) 516 (Nonforcible)	2,174 (Forcible) 74 (Nonforcible)	12,146 (Forcible) 637 (Nonforcible)	71,180 (Forcible) four,723 (Nonforcible)	285 (Forcible) half-dozen (Nonforcible)
2017[xxx] [31]	79,635 (Forcible) four,859 (Nonforcible)	iv,887 (Forcible) 516 (Nonforcible)	2,448 (Forcible) 69 (Nonforcible)	12,632 (Forcible) 682 (Nonforcible)	78,308 (Forcible) 4,922 (Nonforcible)	268 (Forcible) 9 (Nonforcible)
2018[32] [33]	91,838	6,002	iii,024	14,365	91,219	324
2019[34] [35]	105,030	6,920	3,230	sixteen,263	104,720	348

Well-nigh rape research and reporting to date has concentrated on male-female forms of rape. Male person-male and female-male person rape has not been as thoroughly researched, and virtually no research has been done on female-female person rape.

A 1997 written report by the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics establish that 91% of rape victims are female person and 9% are male person, and that 99% of arrestees for rape are male.^{[36] : 10} Nevertheless, these statistics are based on reports of "forced penetration". This number excludes instances where men were "fabricated to penetrate" another person, which are assessed separately under "sexual violence". Denov (2004) states that societal responses to the result of female person perpetrators of sexual set on "indicate to a widespread denial of women as potential sexual aggressors that could work to obscure the true dimensions of the trouble."^[37]

A 2014 study by the Bureau of Justice Statistics of college campus rape statistics from National Crime Victimization Survey data collected from 1995 to 2013, and show that rape in college are independent of race.^[38] The National Violence Against Women Survey establish that 34% of American Indian female respondents had experienced attempted or completed rape in their lifetime. The rapist was more likely to be a not-Native than a Native.^[39]

The 2010 National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey institute that 13.i% of lesbians, 46.ane% of bisexual women, and 17.4% of heterosexual women have been raped, physically assaulted, or stalked.^[40]

Human relationship between attacker and victim [edit]

An exam of the relationships betwixt the victim and their attacker indicates the post-obit:

Relationship of victim to rapist before the incident[41]
Electric current or onetime intimate partner	26%
Another relative	7%
Friend or acquaintance	38%
Stranger	26%

Nigh four out of ten sexual assaults take place at the victim's own dwelling.^{[36] : 3}

U.S. Senator Martha McSally, an Arizona Republican, said during a Senate meeting on sexual assault in the war machine that she was raped by a superior officer in the U.S. Air Forcefulness. McSally was the first female person gainsay pilot in the U.South. Air Force. She said that she never reported it because so many people didn't trust the system, she blamed herself, she was ashamed and dislocated, and she thought she was strong but was made to feel powerless.^[42]

Underreporting [edit]

A 2014 report by the Department of Justice estimated that 34.8% of cases of sexual assaults are reported to the authorities.^[six]

When sufficient Deoxyribonucleic acid or injury prove was procured from a adult female's torso, she was more likely to follow through with the legal process of prosecution as in that location was more confidence in a favorable outcome for her. Women who experienced forced sexual assault more often were less likely to follow through with the legal process than women who exercise not feel forced sexual assault frequently.^[43]

Reasons victims reported sexual violence to police force enforcement (2005-2010)[44]
28%	Protect household or victim from further crimes by the offender
25%	Terminate an ongoing incident or prevent immediate recurrence or escalation
21%	Felt a duty to study or to improve police surveillance
17%	Catch or punish offender, forbid crimes against others
nine%	Other or multiple reasons

Reasons victims did not report sexual violence to law enforcement (2005-2010)[44]
twenty%	Feared retaliation
13%	Believed the police would not do anything to help
xiii%	Believed information technology was a personal matter
viii%	Reported to non-law-enforcement official
8%	Believed information technology was not important enough to report
7%	Did not want to become the perpetrator in trouble
two%	Believed the police could not do annihilation to assistance
30%	Other or multiple reasons

Prosecution charge per unit [edit]

According to FBI statistics, out of 127,258 rapes reported to law departments in 2018, 33.4 per centum resulted in an arrest.^[13] Based on correlating multiple information sources, RAINN (Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network) estimates^[44] that for every ane,000 rapes, 384 are reported to law, 57 result in an abort, 11 are referred for prosecution, 7 upshot in a felony conviction, and 6 result in incarceration. This compares to a higher charge per unit at every stage for similar crimes.

College and university campuses [edit]

Definitions of rape tin can vary, and since not all rapes are reported, researchers instead rely on surveys of student and nonstudent populations to develop a more than comprehensive understanding of the prevalence. Survey design including the questions and the sample quality and telescopic can also create wide ranges in rates. Enquiry estimates anywhere from approximately 10%^[45] to 29%^[46] of women take been victims of rape or attempted rape since starting college. Methodological differences, such as the method of survey administration, the definition of rape or sexual set on used, the wording of questions, and the fourth dimension period studied contribute to these disparities.^[46]

Rape, a subset of sexual assault, took place iii.1 times per ane,000 in females aged 18 to 24 in the yr 2013^[5]

Ane recent analysis, conducted by U.S. Department of Justice's Bureau of Justice Statistics, represents a longitudinal report of Us women from 1995 to 2013. For the year 2013, the study found that there were more incidents of rape victimization among women anile xviii–24 (iv.three per one,000), compared to women outside that age range (1.4 per 1,000).^[5]

In an effort to forestall rape on campuses, the Obama assistants instituted policies requiring schools to investigate rape cases and adjudicate rape cases under a "preponderance of the evidence" standard.^[47] These policies have been sharply criticized by civil libertarians concerned that they are eroding due process and volition lead to wrongful convictions of the innocent.^{[48] [49] [fifty] [51] [52] [53]} A number of lawsuits accept been filed confronting colleges and universities past students claiming to have been wrongfully expelled for rape they did not commit.^{[54] [55] [56]} In 2016 the colleges with the highest rapes included Brown University and UConn tying for 43 rapes a year. Followed past Dartmouth Higher with 42, Wesleyan University with 35, University of Virginia with 35, Harvard with 33, Academy of NC at Charlotte with 32, Rutgers in New Brunswick with 32, University of Vermont with 27 and ending with Stanford with 26 rapes per year.^[57]

Prevention programs vary beyond college campuses. Norms-based programs to inform students that they are non alone in noesis of rape victims and perpetrators may encourage students to view sexual assault as a larger problem in their community.^[58] Additionally, creative campaigns on college campuses that market consent were constitute to be effective in raising awareness of campus sexual assaults and bug related to this trouble.^[59]

Number of incidents [edit]

Rape or sexual assault victimization against females ages 18 to 24, by post-secondary enrollment condition, 1995–2013[60]
Categories	Student victim	Non-student victims
Total	31,302	65,668
Completed rape	10,237	26,369
Attempted rape	7,864	xv,792
Sexual assault	nine,714	18,260
Threat of rape or sexual assault	3,488	five,247

The mean annual population was five,130,004 for students and viii,614,853 for non-students.^[60]

Criminal punishment [edit]

 Coercion-based law (all penetrative sex)

 Consent-based law (anal and oral sex)

 Consent-based law (vaginal, anal and oral sex)

 Compulsion-based law (non-penetrative sex)

 Consent-based law (non-penetrative sex)

The United States is composed principally of 50 states, each with its own criminal code,^[61] too as the federal jurisdiction. Rape is prosecutable in all U.S. jurisdictions,^{[61] [62]} besides as under the Uniform Code of Military Justice,^{[63] [64]} although the terminology used varies by jurisdiction. Amid the alternating names that may be used to prosecute a rape accuse, the law-breaking may be categorized every bit sexual assault, sexual battery, or criminal sexual comport.^[65]

Some U.S. states (or other jurisdictions such every bit American Samoa) recognize penetrative sexual practice without consent by the victim and without the use of force by the perpetrator as a offense (commonly called 'rape'). Other states do not recognize this as a law-breaking; their laws stipulate that the perpetrator must have used some kind of force or coercion (physical violence (that results in demonstrable physical injury), threats against the victim or a third political party, or some other form of compulsion) in order for such nonconsensual penetrative sex to amount to a criminal offence.^[66] Similarly, some states (or other jurisdictions such as the Military) recognize non-penetrative sex acts (contact such as fondling or touching a person'southward intimate parts, or exposure of a torso or sex) without consent by the victim and without the apply of strength by the perpetrator as a crime, while other states practise non.^[66]

Jurisdiction [edit]

In the United States, the principle of dual sovereignty applies to rape, equally to other crimes. If the rape is committed within the borders of a state, that state has jurisdiction. If the victim is a federal official, an ambassador, consul, or other foreign official nether the protection of the Usa, or if the crime took identify on federal property or involved crossing state borders, or in a manner that substantially affects interstate commerce or national security, then the federal government also has jurisdiction.

If a crime is not committed within whatever state, such as in the District of Columbia or on a naval or U.S.-flagged merchant vessel in international waters, then federal jurisdiction is exclusive. In cases where the rape involves both land and federal jurisdictions, the offender tin can be tried and punished separately for each crime without raising issues of double jeopardy. When a state has jurisdiction over a rape case, equally a affair of policy, federal prosecution will not be pursued for a rape charge unless the case presents a matter of federal interest, that involvement was not adequately addressed past a state-level prosecution, and the government believes that a federal prosecution will exist successful.^[67]

Jurisdiction bug also complicate the handling of campus rape, due in part to overlapping jurisdiction of campus and local law enforcement, and differences in how diverse police force agencies and prosecutors handle sex offenses.^[68]

Federal law [edit]

Federal constabulary does non use the term "rape". Rape is grouped with all forms of non-consensual sexual acts under chapter 109a of the United States Code (18 United statesC. §§ 2241–2248).

Under federal law, the penalisation for rape can range from a fine to life imprisonment. The severity of the punishment is based on the utilise of violence, the age of the victim, and whether drugs or intoxicants were used to override consent. If the perpetrator is a repeat offender the law prescribes automatically doubling the maximum judgement.

Whether the victim is an developed^[69] or of a child,^[seventy] the U.Due south. Supreme Court has held that the death penalisation is non available as a possible penalty if the victim does not die and death was non intended by the defendant. Death sentence remains bachelor equally a penalty where the victim dies, or where the accused acts with intent to kill the victim but the victim survives.

Different categorizations and maximum punishments for rape nether federal law^{[62] [61]}

Description	Fine	Imprisonment (years)	Life imprisonment
Rape using violence or the threat of violence to override consent	unlimited	0 – unlimited	yes
Rape past causing fear in the victim for themselves or for another person to override consent	unlimited	0 – unlimited	yep
Rape by giving a drug or intoxicant to a person that renders them unable to give consent	unlimited	0–15	no
Statutory rape involving an developed perpetrator	unlimited	0–15	no
Statutory rape involving an adult perpetrator with a previous confidence	unlimited	0 – unlimited	yes
Statutory rape involving a perpetrator who is a small-scale	unlimited	0–15	no
When a person causes the rape past a tertiary person	unlimited	0–10	no
When a person causes the rape of a child nether 12 by a third person	unlimited	0 – unlimited	yep

Investigations [edit]

Medical personnel in the United states of America typically collect prove for potential rape cases commonly referred to as rape kits. Though normally collected, the rape kits are non always sent off for testing. Reasons given past the police for rape kits not being tested include cost (processing a kit can cost upward to $1,500), decisions being made to not prosecute, and victims either recanting or declining to progress the case.^[71]

As identifying injury is an important part of identifying rape victims, particular attending must exist given to examinations of patients with night skin, particularly the thighs, labia majora, posterior fourchette, and fossa navicularis.^[72]

Paper Northern Virginia Sun drew national attending in the late 1970s when owner Herman J. Obermayer said the Sun would print the name of accusers in rape cases that came to trial, out of a sense of "fairness" between the ii sides.^[73] Time magazine reported that Obermayer's policy was "hotly denounced by local feminists, police, prosecutors, hospital officials and most all the Sun readers who have written or telephoned Obermayer to comment." Fourth dimension quoted Benjamin C. Bradlee, executive editor of the Washington Post, equally saying, "Information technology'due south wrong. It's misguided. Nosotros wouldn't do it."^[73]

Information technology is important for lawyers selecting jury members to be enlightened of the stigmas surrounding rape victims and to be able to determine which jurors would be able to come up to a guilty verdict according to the police, without being clouded past one'south preconceived ideas of what a "typical" rape victim or perpetrator should look like.^[74]

Treatment of rape victims [edit]

Insurance companies take denied coverage for rape victims, claiming a diversity of bases for their actions. In one example, after a victim mentioned she had previously been raped 17 years before, an insurance visitor refused to pay for her rape exam and also refused to pay for therapy or medication for trauma, because she "had been raped before" – indicating a preexisting condition.^[75] Some insurance companies have allegedly denied sexual-assault victims mental-health treatment, stating that the service is not medically necessary.^[75]

The 2005 Violence Against Women Act requires states to ensure that victims receive access to a forensic examination free of accuse regardless of whether the victim chooses to report a sexual assault to constabulary enforcement or cooperate with the criminal-justice system. All states must comply with the VAWA 2005 requirement regarding forensic examination in gild to receive Stop Violence Against Women Formula Grant Program (STOP Program) funds. Nether 42 UsC. § 3796gg-4, a State is not entitled to funds under the STOP Program unless the State or some other governmental entity "incurs the total out-of-pocket toll of forensic medical exams ... for victims of sexual assault."^[76] This ways that, if no other governmental entity or insurance carrier pays for the exam, states are required to pay for forensic exams if they wish to receive STOP Plan funds. The goal of this provision is to ensure that the victim is not required to pay for the exam. The effect of the VAWA 2005 forensic exam requirement is to allow victims fourth dimension to decide whether to pursue their case. Because a sexual attack is a traumatic event, some victims are unable to determine whether they want to cooperate with police enforcement in the immediate aftermath of a sexual set on. Because forensic prove tin exist lost as fourth dimension progresses, such victims should exist encouraged to take the show collected as soon as possible without deciding to initiate a report. This provision ensures victims receive timely medical handling.^[76]

Due to bureaucratic mismanagement in some areas, and various loopholes, the victim is sometimes sent a nib anyway, and has difficulty in getting information technology fixed.^[77]

Historical context [edit]

Early American history [edit]

During the era of slavery, slave women were frequently sexually driveling and raped by slave owners, the sons of slave owners, and overseers.^[78] The sexual abuse of slaves that occurred prior to the Civil War was and so prevalent that it strongly influenced the genetic make-upwardly of the overwhelming majority of African Americans live today.^{[79] [eighty] [81] [82] [83]} White men who raped black women were protected by impunity nether Southern order, and children of such unions usually inherited the status of their mothers equally slaves. Sexual assaults affected girls as young as 12 years one-time; a young slave daughter named Celia was the frequent target of her chief, Robert Newsom'south abuse. After having 3 children with him in a relationship that began when she was simply 14, Celia killed her main in self-defense force subsequently some other endeavor at sexual attack. She was plant guilty in courtroom and sentenced to death past hanging.^[84] Slave women were also subject to sexual abuse by slave traders and were routinely assaulted on slave ships; the perpetrators faced no legal punishment. The rape of slave women was as well washed by masters to result in a substantial growth of their slaves every bit property and increase profit. Slave owners would attempt to justify the abuse of black women during slavery through the stereotype of the Jezebel, a seductive woman who wanted to submit to them.^[85] According to authors Judith Worell and Pamela Remer, because "African American women were sexually exploited during slavery" and because of stereotypes originating from slavery such equally the Jezebel, blackness women "are not viewed as apparent complainants, and are stereotyped (east.g., as promiscuous) in means that blame them for their rapes."^[86]

Earlier and during the American Civil War when slavery was widespread, laws against rape were focused primarily on instances of blackness men raping white women, real or imagined, equally opposed to other instances. Blackness women who were raped by whatever man were not protected past the law.^[87] In some states during the 1950s, a white adult female having consensual sex with and a black human was considered rape.^[88] and is related to lynchings, racial violence, rapes targeting African-Americans (Such equally the Tulsa race massacre) that occurred under the suspicion of rape or consensual sex activity between a black man and white woman.

Contemporary history [edit]

Rape, in many Us states, before the 1970s, could incur majuscule punishment. The 1977 Supreme Court case of Coker v. Georgia held that the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution forbade the death penalisation for the crime of rape of an adult adult female. The court held that "Life is over for the victim of the murderer; for the rape victim, life may not be nearly so happy as it was, but it is not over, and normally is not beyond repair".^[89]

Feminism politicized and publicized rape as an institution in the late 20th century.

New York Radical Feminists held a Rape Speak Out, where women discussed rape equally an expression of male violence confronting women, and organized women to establish rape crisis centers and work towards reforming existing rape laws. This was the showtime endeavor to focus political attention on the consequence of rape.^[90]

Feminist writings on rape include Confronting Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape, by Susan Brownmiller. Concepts such as date rape and marital rape were brought to public attention.

The murder of Megan Kanka, which occurred in 1994 in New Jersey, when the seven-year-quondam daughter was raped and murdered by her neighbor, has led to the introduction of Megan's Police force, which are laws which require law enforcement to disclose details relating to the location of registered sex offenders.

Several developments in regard to rape legislation have occurred in the 21st century. Following the intensely publicized case of the 2005 murder of Jessica Lunsford, a 9-twelvemonth-old girl from Florida who was kidnapped, raped and murdered past a human with prior convictions for sexual attacks, states have started enacting laws referred to equally Jessica's Police force, which typically mandate life imprisonment with a mandatory minimum sentence of 25 years in prison, and lifetime electronic monitoring, for adults convicted of raping children under 12 years. Furthermore, U.s. sex offender registries incorporate other sanctions, such equally housing and presence restrictions.

See also [edit]

• Listing of anti-sexual attack organizations in the United States
• Combined DNA Index System
• Debbie Smith Act
• Extremities, a play (and afterwards moving-picture show with Farrah Fawcett) in which a would-exist rape victim and her roommates, given the complexities of the judicial system, argue reporting the assault
• Marital rape in the United States
• National Clearinghouse on Marital and Date Rape (defunct)
• Paul Martin Andrews, an American rape victim and an advocate for other rape victims.
• Prison house rape in the United States
• Rape, Corruption & Incest National Network (RAINN)
• Rape law in Alabama
• Rape laws in the U.s.a.
• Sexual assail in the U.S. military
• Tailhook scandal
• 2003 U.South. Air Force University sexual assail scandal
• Vanderbilt rape instance

References [edit]

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Further reading [edit]

• Brownmiller, Susan (June 1993) [1975]. Against our will: men, women and rape . Fawcett Columbine. p. 472. ISBN978-0-449-90820-four.
• Anderson, Michelle J. (Jan 2004). "Prostitution and trauma in U.Southward. rape law". Journal of Trauma Practise. 2 (three–4): 93–114. doi:x.1300/J189v02n03_04. S2CID 144262034.

External links [edit]

• Eye for Illness Command publications on sexual violence
• FBI Crime Report 2014: Rape
• The Laws in Your State: summary of sexual set on-related laws, compiled by the Rape, Corruption and Incest National Network
• Haws, Dick (November 1997). "The Elusive Numbers on False Rape, by Dick Haws". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on thirteen November 2003.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rape_in_the_United_States

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